University of Minnesota researchers use 3D bioprinting to create beating human heart 

Researchers from the University of Minnesota have developed a novel bio-ink, enabling them to create a functional 3D printed beating human heart.  The cell-laden biomaterial, produced using pluripotent stem cells, allowed the research team to 3D print an aortic replica with more chambers, ventricles and a higher cell wall thickness than was previously possible. In […]

Tel Aviv University: Researchers 3D Print Cardiac Patches & Cellularized Hearts

Researchers at Tel Aviv University continue to try to meet the ongoing challenges in cardiac tissue engineering. In ‘3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts,’ authors Nadav Noor, Assaf Shapira, Reuven Edri, Idan Gal, Lior Wertheim, and Tal Dvir outline the steps they took to match technology with tissue.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading killer of patients in the US, and organ donor and transplantation processes can still mean a long wait for those suffering from heart failure. Here, the authors demonstrate the need for alternative ways to treat the infarcted (usually referring to clogging of one of more arteries) heart. And while tissue engineering has pointed the way to freeing many patients from terrible physical suffering and organ donor waiting lists, creating the necessary scaffolds with true biocompatibility has presented obstacles.

The authors have created an engineered cardiac patch meant to be transplanted directly onto the patient’s heart, integrating into the ‘host,’ with excess biomaterials degrading over time. This leaves the cardiac patch, full of live, healthy tissue, regenerating a previously defective heart. Because there is always the threat of rejection when implanting anything into the body though, the authors emphasize the need for appropriate materials:

“Most ideally, the biomaterial should possess biochemical, mechanical, and topographical properties similar to those of native tissues,” state the researchers. “Decellularized tissue‐based scaffolds from different sources meet most of these requirements. However, to ensure minimal response of the immune system, completely autologous materials are preferred.”

The researchers were able to create patient-specific cardiac patches in their recent study, extracting fatty tissue from cardiac patients—and then separating cellular and a-cellular materials.

“While the cells were reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells, the extra‐cellular matrix (ECM) was processed into a personalized hydrogel,” stated the researchers.  “Following mixture of the cells and the hydrogel, the cells were efficiently differentiated to cardiac cells to create patient‐specific, immunocompatible cardiac patches.”

In using the patient-specific hydrogel as bioink, the researchers were able to create patches, but ultimately, they were also able to 3D print comprehensive tissue structures that include whole hearts.

An omentum tissue is extracted from the patient and while the cells are separated from the matrix, the latter is processed into a personalized thermoresponsive hydrogel. The cells are reprogrammed to become pluripotent and are then differentiated to cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, followed by encapsulation within the hydrogel to generate the bioinks used for printing. The bioinks are then printed to engineer vascularized patches and complex cellularized structures. The resulting autologous engineered tissue can be transplanted back into the patient, to repair or replace injured/diseased organs with low risk of rejection.

The authors used two different models in their study, with one serving as proof-of-concept, with pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)‐derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs). The other model relied on:

  • Rat neonatal CMs
  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)
  • Lumen‐supporting fibroblasts

One bioink, laden with cardiac cells, printed parenchymal tissue, while the other extruded cells for forming blood vessels. The researchers were successful in 3D printing the patient-specific cardiac patches but found when a higher degree of complexity was necessary for fabrication of organs or other tissues, the hydrogels were not strong enough. They created a new process for organs and more complex tissues where they could print in a free-form manner and cure structures at varying temperatures; they were able to overcome previous challenges and 3D print accurate, personalized structures.

Bioinks characterization. A human omentum a) before and b) after decellularization. c) A personalized hydrogel at room temperature (left) and after gelation at 37 °C (right). d) A SEM image of the personalized hydrogel ultrastructural morphology, and e) a histogram of the fibers diameter. f) Rheology measurements of 1% w/v and 2.5% w/v omentum hydrogels, showing the gelation process upon incubation at 37 °C. g) Stromal cells originated from human omental tissues were reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells (red: OCT4, green: Ki67 and blue: nuclei). h) Differentiation to ECs as determined by CD31 (green) and vimentin staining (red). Differentiation to cardiac lineage: i) staining for sarcomeric actinin (red), j) staining for NKX2‐5 (red), and TNNT2 (green). Scale bars: (e) = 10 µm, (g,i,j) = 50 µm, (h) = 25 µm.

This study carries substantial weight, considering the researchers were able to create cellularized hearts with ‘natural architectures.’ This furthers the potential for cardiac transplants after heart failure, along with encouraging the process for drug screening. The authors point out that more long-terms studies and research with animal models are necessary.

“Although 3D printing is considered a promising approach for engineering whole organs, several challenges still remain,” conclude the researchers. “These include efficient expansion of iPSCs to obtain the high cell number required for engineering a large, functioning organ. Additionally, new bioengineering approaches are needed to provide long‐term cultivation of the organs and efficient mass transfer, while supplying biochemical and physical cues for maturation.”

“The printed blood vessel network demonstrated in this study is still limited. To address this challenge, strategies to image the entire blood vessels of the heart and to incorporate them in the blueprint of the organ are required. Finally, advanced technologies to precisely print these small‐diameter blood vessels within thick structures should be developed.”

Imaging of the heart and patch modeling. CT image of a) a human heart and b) left ventricle coronary arteries. c) A model of oxygen concentration profile in an engineered patch. d) Replanning of the model showed better oxygen diffusion, sufficient to support cell viability.

Without good heart health, it is very difficult to survive. Responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and more to cells populating the human body, the heart also removes waste like carbon dioxide and more. 3D printing is assisting scientists and doctors in researching and treating a variety of different diseases and conditions, whether they are using 3D printed metamaterials for fabricating heart valves, creating better cardiac catheters, or experimenting with new types of phantoms.

What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com.

Printing thick vascularized tissues. a) A top view of a lumen entrance (CD31; green) in a thick cardiac tissue (actinin; pink). b) A model of a tripod blood vessel within a thick engineered cardiac tissue (coordinates in mm), and c) the corresponding lumens in each indicated section of the printed structure. d) Tissue perfusion visualized from dual viewpoints. e–k) A printed small‐scaled, cellularized, human heart. e) The human heart CAD model. f,g) A printed heart within a support bath. h) After extraction, the left and right ventricles were injected with red and blue dyes, respectively, in order to demonstrate hollow chambers and the septum in‐between them. i) 3D confocal image of the printed heart (CMs in pink, ECs in orange). j,k) Cross‐sections of the heart immunostained against sarcomeric actinin (green). Scale bars: (a,c,h, i,j) = 1 mm, (g) = 0.5 cm, (k) = 50 µm.

[Source / Images: 3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts]

Unpicking the “world’s first” 3D printed heart from Tel Aviv University

Today, a paper detailing how to 3D print hearts and cardiac patches was published in Advanced Science journal. Dubbed a “world first,” this research was conducted by a team of scientist at Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel. Admittedly, it is still leagues away from producing a viable, transplantable organ. But the key achievement in this research […]

3D Printing News Briefs: October 16, 2018

We’re starting with some business news in today’s 3D Printing News Briefs, including stories about a new 3D printer, an anniversary, and a 3D printing investment. Cincinnati Incorporated has launched a new high temperature version of its SAAM 3D printer, and EOS will supply Visser Precision with five new metal 3D printers, including its M 400-4. VBN Components celebrates its tenth anniversary, and an Israeli 3D printing startup has received about $400,000 in funding. Researchers in Iran have successfully 3D printed flexible electronic circuits, and 3D printing was used to replicate a Chinese grotto. Finally, the Golf Channel will be featuring 3D printed golf clubs tonight.

New High Temperature Version of SAAM 3D Printer

Last week at FABTECH 2018 in Georgia, build-to-order machine tool manufacturer Cincinnati Incorporated (CI) launched a brand new high temperature version of its SAAM (Small Area Additive Manufacturing) 3D printer series. The SAAM HT 3D printer has a nozzle that can sustain temperatures up to 450°C and a bed temperature up to 260°C, which makes it possible to process materials like polycarbonate, PEEK, and ULTEM. Courtesy of its continuous patented automatic-ejection mechanism, the SAAM HT can be used for small batch production, and is a good choice for manufacturing tooling involved in high temperature operations.

“All materials compatible with SAAM can be used on the HT version. This level of versatility makes it a valuable asset in any manufacturing setting. We are enabling manufacturers and engineers to create the custom parts they need for their most demanding applications,” said Chris Haid, the General Manager of the NVBOTS Business Unit at CI.

EOS Supplying Visser Precision with New Metal 3D Printers

EOS M400-4

Denver-based Visser Precision, which provides advanced metals manufacturing solutions, has doubled its metal 3D printing capacity, thanks to the terms of an agreement reached with EOS at the recent IMTS trade fair. Visser has purchased three EOS M 400-4 3D printers, and two of the recently introduced EOS M 300-4 systems, making it the first organization to acquire the new platform. Market demands for DMLS-quality metal components in industries like aerospace and defense led Visser to grow its metal 3D printer capacity, and the new EOS systems will be delivered in a few months.

Ryan Coniam, the President of Visser Precision, said, “Our customers require the highest-performance, highest quality components and we feel partnering with EOS – the metal AM industry pioneers and leaders in DMLS – provides us with the capabilities we need to meet market demands now and in the next few years. Nearly anyone nowadays can 3D print something in metal, the trick is repeatability while meeting and maintaining quality and our investments with EOS mean we can deliver that to our customers.”

VBN Components Celebrating 10 Years in Business

Swedish materials development company VBN Components AB was founded in the midst of the 2008 financial crisis, and has come a long way since then. The award-winning company works to continuously develop new and better materials, including its corrosion and wear resistant Vibenite 350 for the plastics industry and Vibenite 290, the “World’s Hardest Steel.”

Martin Nilsson, CEO and one of the founders of VBN Components, said, “After our first patent, describing the process of making extremely clean and low-oxygen-rate materials, we realised that we were on to something big.”

This year, VBN Components is celebrating 10 years in business, with several patents and new, hard materials under its belt. But stay tuned – the company will soon unveil the greatest news in its history, which has been described as “a revolution in material development.”

Israeli 3D Printing Startup Receives Funding

TAU Ventures team, R-L: Nimrod Cohen, Managing Partner at TAU Ventures; Shira Gal, Director of Incubator Programs; Yaara Benbenishty, Director of Marketing and Operations [Image: Eylon Yehiel]

TAU Ventures, the venture capital fund of Tel Aviv University, announced that it has led an investment round worth nearly $2 million for two Israeli startups, including Hoopo and 3D printing company Castor. Founded two years ago by Omer Blaier and Elad Schiller, Castor combines 3D printing with artificial intelligence for its high-tech customers, which enables the companies to lower costs by using advanced technology. Castor’s technology automatically analyzes and determines the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of using 3D printing in the manufacturing process.

The startup will be receiving about $400,000 in combined funding from Stanley Black & Decker, the Techstars Accelerator, British businessman Jeremy Coller, and TAU Ventures, which is the first and only academic-based venture capital fund in Israel.

3D Printing Flexible Electronic Circuits

Researchers from a knowledge-based company in Iran have recently developed 3D printers that can fabricate flexible electronic circuits, which could be used in the future as wearables for clothing, pressure sensors, or industrial talc for cars.

The unnamed company’s project manager, Ali Gharekhani, told Mehr News that these 3D printers only take a few seconds to 3D print the flexible electronic circuits, and that foreign versions of this system are “very expensive.” Gharekhani also said that in light of this new development, his company has already received some proposals for Turkey, and “intends to reach an agreement with the Turkish side on production of clothes by 3D printers” before its rivals in Germany, Canada, and Korea.

3D Printed Replica of Chinese Grotto

Yungang Grottoes are a cradle of Buddhist art, playing host to more than 51,000 sculptures. [Image: Zhang Xingjian, China Daily]

There are over 59,000 statues carved in 45 different caves in the 1,500-year-old Yungang Grottoes, which was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001. This week, a full-size, 3D printed replica of one of the grottoes passed experts’ tests. The Yungang Grottoes Research Institute in northern China’s Shanxi province, a Shenzhen company, and Zhejiang University launched the project, which is based on original cave No 12, also called the “Cave of Music.” The 3D printed replica is 15 meters long, 11 meters wide, and 9 meters high, weighs less than 5 metric tons, and is claimed by the institute to be the world’s largest 3D printed movable grotto. High precision 3D data was collected to print the replica out of resin, which took about six months, and it can be divided in parts and pieced together within a week.

“We plan to color it with mineral pigments before the end of this year,” said Zhang Zhuo, head of the institute. “In this way, the replica will maintain its original size, texture and color.”

In the future, the 3D printed grotto replica will be added to exhibition tours with the institute’s other cultural relics.

3D Printed Golf Clubs on the Golf Channel

Tonight, at 9 pm EDT, EOS will be featured, together with Wilson Golf, on the NBC Golf Channel show Driver Vs. Driver. The seven-episode series follows aspiring designers of golf equipment as they compete against each other for the chance to win $500,000. In addition to the money, the winner will also have the opportunity to have their driver design sold, under the Wilson Staff name, at retail stores.

The show gives viewers a behind the scenes look as advancing teams work with engineers at the company’s innovation hub, Wilson LABS, to evaluate, refine, and test out their concepts. Tonight is the third episode, and showcases several designers’ use of 3D printing to make the best golf driver club. Wilson is among a few other companies, including Krone Golf, Ping, Callaway Golf Company, and Cobra Puma Golf, that is using 3D printing to produce golf clubs and other equipment.

Discuss these stories and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com or share your thoughts below.