Aluna Everitt recently submitted her thesis, ‘Digital Fabrication Approaches for the Design and Development of Shape-Changing Displays,’ to the Faculty of Science and Technology at Lancaster University. To achieve better success with deformable surfaces, Everitt explores the uses of 3D printing and laser cutting.
As technology continues to progress worldwide, shape-changing displays are just one element that make users lives easier with features like tangible interaction, enhancing applications like the following:
- Dynamic landscaping
- Topographical modeling
- Architectural design
- Physical telepresence
- Object manipulation
Functioning via mechanical actuators, shapechanging displays allow the deformation of a specific surface through programming (in the form of dynamic physicalizations encoding data).
“Tangibility is a key aspect of data physicalization and the form of the physical artefact is often perceptible by touch,” states Everitt. “These physical data representations often encourage direct interaction to create an engaging user experience.”
The author is not only focused on the uses of shape-changing displays but also how users on every level can employ data physicalizations to create them for themselves. As accessibility and affordability become increasingly present in the 3D printing realm, systems like shapechanging displays are more possible—especially with re-usable parts, basic hardware that is easy to install, and ease in design and production that encourage users overall.
Examples of prototypes developed based on proposed fabrication
approaches presented in each chapter of this thesis. Moving from traditional pin array in Chapter 3, to a semi-solid laser-cut two-layer surface in Chapter 4 that
uses fewer linear actuators, to a single layer 3D printed deformable surface in
Chapter 5, to finally a multi-material deformable surface that has embedded
interaction and visualization capabilities in Chapter 6.
Everitt emphasizes, however, that the research community must know what types of data to use in these ‘novel hardware systems.’ With deeper comprehension of what types of data are suitable, the author also realizes that they will be able to put such systems to use in a range of displays—many of which are still in prototype mode today and treated as ‘novelties rather than practical use cases.’ This technology is relegated to shapechanging displays, tangible interfaces, physical user interfaces, data physicalizations, and deformable user interfaces.
Standardised interaction model for GUIs (A) and TUIs (B) proposed
initially by Ullmer and Ishii (2000).
Challenges in this field still include accessibility, along with the ability to progress from creating prototypes to offering a greater sense of design, and offering better toolkits so that users experience easier implementation of all the details required for each system.
“Scaling the device form factors and ensuring high-resolution shape-output is another technical challenge currently faced by the field,” explains Everitt. “The availability of small actuators with minimal weight is still limited and comes to a high cost.”
“Increasingly, shape-changing interfaces are also transiting from rigid forms to flexible and stretchable, and even floating shapes.”
As 3D printing becomes increasingly popular for a diverse range of users worldwide, new fabrics and textiles are possible. For this thesis, the author studied 3D printed panels serving as a continuous surface, able to adapt to either being fluid or rigid, depending on overall design—and ultimately, also assisting in the progress of shape-changing displays.
The interlinked surfaces displayed less need for actuators, featuring horizontal force actuation, the potential for embedded parts, and continued properties regarding fluidity and rigidness—‘whilst rendering cylindrical, oval, and tunnel forms.’ Clear resin can be used during 3D printing also for improved visualization.
Basic 3D model (A) and 3D print (B) of interlinked panels, and
fabricated shape-changing displays examples (C-E).
Bottom side of the surfaces. Interlinked triangular panels 3D printed
(FDM) with red filament – Panel 21×19mm and interlink width 4mm (A); SLA
with clear resin – Panel 20×17mm and interlink width 3mm (B). 3D model source
[106].
Subtractive technologies such as laser cutting are a focus in the thesis also, allowing for rapid production, but with the drawback of the 2D limitation; cut sheets can however be designed for fabricating 3D objects. Assembly is required though, along with ‘mapping 3D designs to 2D layers of parts.’
Other challenges with laser cutting involve more support necessary for individuals who want to learn such technical knowledge—and the fact that laser cutting is still undeniably a ‘niche skill.’ It is however, popular with numerous multi-faceted users today in projects such as engraving, creating colorful collections in fashion, along with innovating and developing new design guidelines.
FDM 3D printing, featuring multi-material capabilities, was shown to fully support fabrication of interactive and deformable surfaces. In using techniques like laser cutting, prototypes can also be designed more quickly, and without extensive requirements for additional hardware.
“The research-through-design methodology also emphasizes that rapid prototyping helps researchers and designers to iteratively refine and develop new hardware systems are that can meet functional requirements as well as develop more meaningful user experience,” stated the author in conclusion.
“Potentially, even hobbyist and maker community members are able to recreate these fabrication approaches using commercially available materials and equipment. Particularly, by supporting accessible fabrication through the use of low-cost materials that can be purchased commercially and are widely available (e.g. spandex and FDM filament).”
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Initial 3D printed link designs for triangular (Left) and square panels (Right).
Source / Images: ‘Digital Fabrication Approaches for the Design and Development of Shape-Changing Displays’]
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